|
[ A ]
a priori
– based on hypothesis or theory rather than experiment
accommodation
– adapting actions to respond to new stimuli (in Piaget’s
theory)
accountability
– a situation where an individual can be called to account for his/her
actions by another individual or body authorized both to do so and to
give recognition to the individual for those actions. See managerial
accountability.
achievement
– one of four motive systems discussed by David McClelland in Human
Motivation (1988). It is the motivation to perform difficult and
challenging tasks successfully. In FL achievement motivation is
correlated with the movement toward. See: Affiliation, Avoidance, Power.
affect
– is the feeling dimension of life, part of one’s general outward
emotional expression. Someone with a flat affect expresses little
emotion.
affective
– characterised by emotion
affiliation
– one of four motive systems discussed by David McClelland in Human
Motivation (1988). It is the motivation to seek out and maintain
friendly relationships. In FL affiliation motivation is correlated with
the movement with.
agency and communion
– terms made current by Ken Wilber. For Wilber, reality is constituted
of “holons,” by which he means wholes which are simultaneously parts of
larger wholes. Every holon has two tendencies. Agency is its capacity
and drive to maintain its own wholeness, identity, autonomy in relation
to its environment. Communion is its capacity and drive to align with
and support the other wholes constituting its environment on which its
survival depends. In FL these words are associated with tendencies
identified in Spiral Dynamics and other frameworks as “self-directed”
thinking and acting and “sacrifice-of-self” or cooperation-directed
thinking and acting.
algorithm
– is a finite sequence of instructions, a step-by-step procedure for
completing a task.
alloic
– other-oriented (in Apter’s reversal theory)
amygdala (pl., ae)
– structures in the limbic system of the brain involved in emotional
processing and memory. Responses by the amygdala to threat range in
intensity from the milder forms of stress response to the most fully
aroused fight-flight-or-freeze reaction. An “amygdala hijack,” so named
by Daniel Goleman, bypasses the reasoning cortex and goes straight to
the amydala often leading to an undifferentiated, disproportionate
response to a perceived threat.
analysis of variance
– a statistical method for testing for significant
– differences between groups of data, which may be ‘explained’ by one or
more variables
analytic
– focusing on the parts of a whole or on underlying
– basic principles
alpha (coefficient)
– a measure of internal consistency, to be interpreted
– as an average correlation coefficient, showing how well
– a set of test items ‘hangs together’
assimilation
– absorbing new information and fitting it into existing knowledge (in
Piaget’s theory)
authority
– the power vested in a person by virtue of the role to expend
resources: financial, material, technical and human.
autic
– self-oriented (in Apter’s reversal theory)
auxiliary function
– See Type Dynamics (MBTI)
avoidance
– One of four motive systems discussed by David McClelland in Human
Motivation (1988). In his earlier work McClelland identified six motive
systems, each of which could be identified by the condition it moves
toward (approach) and the condition it moves away from (avoidance), but
in that framework avoidance was not itself a motive system. In Human
Motivation, avoidance is a motive system
(www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/David_McClelland). In FL avoidance
is correlated with the movement away from. See: Achievement,
Affiliation, Power.
[ B ]
beneficial behaviors of people
flourishing
– higher morale, lower turnover, spend more time in flow (the zone)
fully immersed in work, intrinsically motivated, healthier — fewer sick
days, better with customers, increased sales, more resilient to stress,
perform better in leadership positions, receive higher performance
ratings, energetic, emotionally intelligent, forgiving, less likely to
be depressed or anxious, more socially connected, enjoy better quality
sleep, experience fewer headaches, stay more engaged in the face of
difficulty, rise above obstacles more easily, better at their jobs,
report more job satisfaction, experience positive emotions such as joy,
interest and pride, greater likelihood of working actively toward new
goals, more likely to succeed, more likely to recommend their
organization to others, spend double the time at work focused on what
they are paid to do, feel better about themselves, and enjoy life.
bi-conditional
– a relationship in logic in which q can occur if-and-only-if p
occurs.
blank slate
– A current catch phrase from the Latin, tabula rasa, which indicates
the view that each of us is born with essentially the same potential
capability and anyone who strives hard enough can learn and do whatever
all but a few exceptional geniuses can do. According to this view, each
of us is born primarily a “blank slate,” so our nature is highly
malleable and our development depends on nurture—on prenatal
environment, life conditions, prevalent social views, family, and
education, which inscribe on our blank slate the specific capabilities
we mature into. One implication of blank slate is this: If our potential
is so malleable, when there is a gap between us and the requirements of
our work and life, our most efficient, effective, and sustainable
solution is often to be trained how to do it ourselves rather than
assigning the requirement to someone naturally predisposed for it. FL
believes this underrates the individual differentiations of genetic
predisposition toward varying talents, motivations, personality types
and traits, and intelligences which fund our particular profile of
capabilities.
blips
– is Internet Time Lab’s mobile app that captures an individual’s
self-report of thriving and displays it on the web in aggregate form.
[ C ]
capability
– the ability of a person to do work.
– the amount of available potentiality already actualized as some
ability. See: Potential, Capacity.
capacity
– the complete available potentiality for actualization of some ability.
See: Capability, Potential.
catalytic validity
– the extent to which those involved in research become motivated to
understand and transform the situations in which they operate
cerebral dominance
– an outdated theory, claiming that one half of the brain controls or
takes precedence over the other
clarification
– The second core competency of the Coach2 Coaching Model. Once the
coach establishes a connection with the client, their work together
begins with a process of clarifying the client’s self-knowledge and
self-awareness, values, relevant beliefs, motivations and capabilities,
purposes, blocks to realization, and discernment of Right Action. See:
Connection, Commitment.
coaching
– regular discussions between a manager and an immediate subordinate in
which the manager helps the subordinate to increase his/her skilled
knowledge so that the subordinate is able to handle an increasing amount
of the full range of work available in the subordinate’s role.
code (e5-4)
–
is made up of the rules or algorithms which comprise a person’s
operating system. The field of our algorithm-set varies in density.
It is very dense in our areas of skilled performance, where we
have immediately at hand a large collection of familiar, differentiated,
and nuanced ways to achieve an end.
It is sparsely populated in our areas of minimal competence.
Because they are maxims of know-how, the rules and algorithms of the
code are a set of means.
– These codes as means are in the service of the ends to which we are
most attracted, which appear to be given as genetic predispositions by
the core. The core also contributes some genetically-guided constraints
on the ways we operate, which form a supplementary code. For example, an
introvert will typically prefer means different than those preferred by
an extravert. This is an example of what we recognize more generally as
the interdependencies among the elements of the e5 and between the e5
and the core. The code not only operates in the service of core ends and
within constraints rooted in the core, it also uses a reading of the
content, context, conditions, and culture together to make a sort-of
comprehensive context for the right choice of operating system.
– the algorithmic code of a person is a more permanent, intrinsic, and
defining aspect than the other elements of the e5. As a leader, co-team
member, or coach, we want to identify and relate to the more stable and
guiding code in order to determine the level of capability actually
present in someone and to situate and facilitate her work to enable
maximum effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability. Using the e5 and
core can help us make this discernment more accurately.
– See also in this order: Epigenetic5, Content(e5-1), Context(e5-2),
Conditions(e5-3), and Culture(e5-5).
cognitive
– concerned with the psychological processes of perception, memory,
thinking and learning.
commitment
– the third core competency of the COACH2 Coaching Model. Following upon
the establishment of connection between coach and client and
clarification leading to discernment of RightAction, the client comes to
commitment and RightAction itself. There may follow a recursive process
of further clarification and revised RightAction. See: Connection,
Clarification.
communion
– See Agency and Communion.
competency
– see strength.
complexity
– determined by the number of factors, the rate of the change of those
factors and the ease of identification of the factors in a situation.
complexity of mental processing ( CMP )
– the complexity of mental activity a person uses in carrying out work.
There are four types of mental processing.
conative/conation
– refers to effort, endeavour and the will to achieve
concurrent validity
– support for the meaning of a construct or the value of a test, based
on correlational evidence from another set of measurements taken at the
same time.
conditional
– a relationship in logic in which if p occurs then q will occur.
conditions (e5-3)
– are circumstances that require a response from us. In framing the
response we envision a goal-state which will place us in a desirable
relationship to the conditions, for example, changing them, stabilizing
them, or fleeing them. This appeal to goals or ends tacitly brings into
play our personal core, which is the domain of our end-goals. We are
always living and communicating within a network of such conditions and
desired or avoided goal-states, large or small in scope, felt urgency,
or anticipated duration. Each of us identifies differently what
conditions are significant and will move us toward goal states we desire
or resist. This factor enables an encoder to further determine his
meaning. Yet even this further specification by the encoder leaves in
some degree a gap that must be left empty or be supplied by the
perceiver.
– See also in this order: Epigenetic5, Content(e5-1), Context(e5-2),
Code(e5-4), and Culture(e5-5).
connection
– this is the first core competency of the Coach2 Coaching Model. The
connection the coach establishes with the client, involving elements of
knowledge, moral commitment, and emotional and social intelligence,
creates a habitat of trust which supports the client’s work with the
coach. See: Clarification, Commitment.
construct
– abstract or general idea inferred from specific
construct validity
– how far test scores can be interpreted as measuring only what they are
intended to measure
content (e5-1)
– is the most plastic and open to change of the five meme-aspects
making up the e5. Using a framework developed by Fritjof Capra, FL
defines content as bare form, process, and manner without meaning.
Traditional linguistics would call content in this sense a naked
“signifier”—letters, sounds, graphics, acts—detached from a
“signified” or correlated meaning. The example of content as a single
word lets us see most clearly what this means in the communication
transaction between an encoder and perceiver. If the perceiver does not
know the word, she will spontaneously hunt among words of similar
phonetic elements to try to categorize it in some fashion. If the
perceiver is familiar with the word, she will depend on that prior
association of meaning to impute meaning in this case. In either case,
on the level of content, there is little the encoder can do to make an
intended meaning of the word more determinate. The decoding perceiver
will either abstain from assigning meaning or the meaning will be almost
completely meaning she assigns. This is the first appearance of a key
principle which the e5 discloses and addresses: Every communication is
always incomplete. The e5 is an instrument for discerning relevant
incompleteness and making the kind and degree of completeness more
sufficient.
– a question which will help an assessor judge what understanding the
decoder may have of the word’s meaning on the basis of the perceived
content is: Can the person use the word in a sentence?
– See also in this order: Epigenetic5, Context(e5-2), Conditions(e5-3),
Code(e5-4), and Culture(e5-5).
context (e5-2)
– may be an intrinsic part of a communication; or it may consist of
facial expressions and postures of the encoder; it may also tacitly
depend on the shared intellectual, social, and experiential environment
of the encoder and perceiver. The addition of context to content makes
the meaning more complex and at the same time more determinate. In pure
content, as we saw it at the single-word level, it was impossible for
the encoder to make his intended meaning determinate enough for even an
imagined perfect perceiver to decode the communication as the encoder
meant it. Even content and context leave large gaps of meaning that must
be left empty or supplied by the perceiver.
– a question that will allow one to assess the degree to which someone
understands the content in context is: Can the person apply or relate
it?
– See also in this order: Epigenetic5, Content(e5-1), Conditions(e5-3),
Code(e5-4), and Culture(e5-5).
convergent thinking
– thinking directed at finding a single correct solution to a
well-structured problem
core
– refers to factors in a person that seem to be in different degrees
innate and genetically guided. It embraces a person’s motivational
profile, natural capability and talents, the speed, degree, and scope
within which a person’s ability to handle complexity matures, and some
personality traits like being introverted or extraverted and drawn in
thinking to sensory details or intuitive patterns. A person’s core
includes areas of incapability as well as capability, motivation for
avoidance as well as motivation toward. The core and the meme-based
epigenetic5 are always interacting in multiple ways that together form
each person.
correlation
– a measure indicating how far two variables are totally unconnected
(zero correlation), or are negatively (e.g.–0.5) or positively related,
as determined by underlying or outside influences.
culture (e5-5)
– surrounds us like an ocean we live in. It is what we look out
from and what we see before us. On its surface, the memes which culture
carries are as iridescent, shape-shifting, and difficult to detach into
stable determinate parts as an oil slick riding on water. They are the
face of e5-1, sheer Content. In its depths, culture conserves patterned
memeplexes and larger groups of memes called co-adapted meme complexes
that have proven relatively stable and been copied and passed on
together as forms of individual and group development. They become the
culture of ways human beings have done things in this family, this
religion, this social class, this role as man or woman. Because culture
is heavily reinforced among its members, it is mimetically dense and
therefore changes only gradually over time. Because culture is rooted in
the varied range of human nature and typical human conditions, even when
particular cultures have been lost or are only tacitly present, they are
not simply past, but remain present potentialities for recurrence.
Almost any of them may attract those who find them congruent with their
e5 elements and satisfying to their core motivations, personality types,
and other innately shaping aspects. In this respect culture is a library
of tried solutions to the problems of being human. These solutions
surviving in memes of memory constitute culture-borne archetypes.
– has an important role as support and scaffolding in our lives and
work. Depending on context, the role may have positive or negative
consequences. Positively, cultural support and scaffolding enables
workers to perform at a higher level than their intrinsic level of
capability, making them more productive. Negatively, such cultural
support and scaffolding may lead observers to overestimate a person’s
intrinsic capability and send the person into situations of uncertainty,
crisis and cultural regression which strip away the scaffolding and
leave the person’s capability too low to handle conditions of such
complexity. Resilience demands a degree of meme density that keeps one
stable under pressure but not so dense that it prevents adaptability.
– See also in this order: Epigenetic5, Content(e5-1), Context(e5-2),
Conditions(e5-3), and Code(e5-4).
current applied capability ( CAC )
–
the capability someone has to do a certain kind of work in a specific
role at given level at the present time. It is a function of his/her
complexity of mental processing (CMP), how much s/he values the work of
the role (K/S), and the absence of pathological temperamental
characteristics (minus T). We can think of this as CAC=f
CMP V K/S (-T)
current potential capability ( CPC )
– a person’s highest current level of mental complexity. It determines
the maximum level at which someone could work at the present time, given
the opportunity to do so and provide that the work is of value to
him/her, and given the opportunity to acquire the necessary skilled
knowledge. This is the level of work that people aspire to have and feel
satisfied if they can get. When people have work at their CPC, they feel
they have an opportunity for the full expression of their potential.
curvilinear
– in a curved line, expressing a non-linear relationship between
variables
cynthesis
– is a coinage by Mike Jay from the words “creative” and “synthesis.”
The reason for coining a new word is the special range of cynthesis. The
Integral Transformative SystemTM of Flawless Living is an example of
cynthesis. In the adventure of living flawlessly, we collaborate in our
emergence by working with the creative processes both of unconscious
natural design and conscious nurtural design to support our emergence.
In doing this, we are cynthesizing the crucial elements into a whole at
a number of levels. A religious perspective might say it is no surprise
that a God who brought forth epigenesis would also bring forth cynthesis
and require us to share in the process.
[ D ]
decision
– the making of a choice with the commitment of resources.
deductive
– reasoning from a general statement or definition to a particular
instance
defense mechanism
– self-protective reaction to avoid distress or anxiety (in Freudian
theory)
diagnosis
– identifying the nature or causation of a problem
dialectic
– involving a contradiction of ideas which acts as the determining
factor in their interaction
dichotomous
– dividing into two sharply distinguished part or classifications
disposition
– habit of mind, mood or attitude
discriminant analysis
– a statistical method for assigning new cases to groups on the basis of
characteristics shared by the members of existing groups
divergent thinking
– exploratory thinking, seeking different possible ways of coping with
ill-structured problems
dominant function
– See: Type Dynamics (MBTI)
dyad
– pair
[ E ]
ecological validity
– the quality of being well grounded in the reality of a particular
context
effect size
– a measure of difference or gain in average scores, whereby effect
sizes of less than 0.2 are usually
considered trivial; between 0.2 to 0.5 small; between 0.5 and 0.8
moderate; and when 0.8 or more, large.
electroencephalographic (EEG)
– using a technique whereby electric currents generated by the brain are
recorded through sets of electrodes glued to the scalp.
emergent
– was coined in 1875 by G.H. Lewes, a psychologist and longtime partner
of the writer, George Eliot (Mary Anne Evans), who treated similar
shapes of reality, for example, in her novel, Middlemarch. Lewes
contrasted an emergent with a simple resultant: Every resultant is
either a sum or a difference of the co-operant forces, their sum, when
their directions are the same – their difference, when their directions
are contrary. Further, every resultant is clearly traceable in its
components, because these are homogeneous and commensurable. It is
otherwise with emergents, when, instead of adding measurable motion to
measurable motion, or things of one kind to other individuals of their
kind, there is a co-operation of things of unlike kinds. The emergent is
unlike its components insofar as these are incommensurable, and it
cannot be reduced to their sum or their difference.
– A current definition of emergence retains and elaborates on the
characteristics noted by Lewes, “[Emergence is] the arising of novel and
coherent structures, patterns, and properties during the process of
self-organization in complex systems.” (cited from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence)
emotional intelligence
– the most widely known current body of work dealing with emotional
intelligence is by Daniel Goleman. Goleman defines Emotional
Intelligence as “the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those
of others, for motivating ourselves, for managing emotions well in
ourselves and in relationships.” FL takes into account that EI
capability depends in part on genetic predispositions which may not be
present in those who share the deficits of the “mechanistic cognition”
characteristic of the Asperger’s-autism spectrum. See: EQ, Relationship
Management Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Social Awareness, Social
Intelligence, SQ. Also: Mechanistic Cognition, Mentalistic Cognition
emotion
– refers to a relatively specific pattern of short-lived physiological
responses. Emotions arouse, communicate, direct, and sustain behavior.
epigenetics
– a genotype is a set of instructions encoded in the DNA that guides the
development of the phenotype, the sum of the organism’s observable
characteristics. I as a phenotype write and you as a phenotype read this
account of the relationship of genotype and phenotype.
– in this context epigenetic mechanisms are factors in the inner or
outer environment which alter, not the DNA itself (that would be
mutation), but the expression of the DNA. They block the accurate
expression of the genetic program by activating or silencing particular
genes. Therefore the phenotype develops according to a different pattern
than that encoded in the DNA. Sometimes these epigenetic changes of the
DNA’s instructions continue over a lifetime of cell-division and can
even be inherited.
– more generally, the term “epigenesis” is used to describe the full
process of interaction between genes and environment that results in the
fully developed organism. The epigenetic environment is first the cell
but over time extends to embrace all of nature, nurture, and culture in
the environment that interacts with the organism’s genetic program.
– the unit of heredity is the gene. The unit of culture was originally
named by Lumsden and Wilson, a “culturgen”(Lumsden and Wilson,1981).
Later Wilson adopted the name meme for the unit of culture, following
Dawkins’ The Selfish Gene (1976), which made the term prevalent. See:
Epigenetic Rules; Epigenetic5 (E5).
epigenetic5 (e5)
– epigenetics examines the interrelations of genetic and cultural
factors in organisms. The unit of genetic transmission is the gene.
Richard Dawkins, in his book, The Selfish Gene (1976), introduced an
analogous unit for cultural transmission, which he named a meme. There
are well-developed taxonomies of genes. There are no analogous
taxonomies of the parts and transactional processes, internal and
external, which characterize memes and their activities. The e5 was
created by Mike Jay in 200_ to provide such a
taxonomy.
– a meme is a unit of meaning embodied in language, ideas, beliefs, any
sensory mode, action, practices, all forms of meaningful human
relationships from parenthood to war, and any other imitable phenomena
which are replicated by means of conscious and unconscious imitation.
The meme takes its name from the classical Greek word, mimema, meaning
“something made by imitation.”
– Jay identifies five crucial perspectives in which to understand a
meme’s functioning. When we look at a meme as a unit, we have a “naive”
apprehension of it as a whole. This apprehension is true, but if we want
to develop the ability to understand and manage a meme we use, we must
differentiate it into its functional parts. In Jay’s taxonomy these are,
naming them from the most fluidly changeable to the most stable over
time: content, context, conditions, code, and culture. These epigenetic
factors pattern our thinking and doing in association with a sixth “c,”
our genetic core. Once we have differentiated these in a particular
instance, we can reintegrate them, seeing how every differentiated
perspective co-creates and is co-created by every other. This replaces
the original “naive” apprehension of the wholeness of the integral meme
with a more determinate and actionable grasp of its wholeness.
– the e5 has many uses. In FL, for example, it is an instrument for
understanding the capability of individuals or team members in relation
to the requirements of an undertaking; or to distinguish whether the
complexity of a person’s thinking is hierarchical, indicating an ability
to handle a more multidimensional quality of complexity at a higher
level, or horizontal, indicating an ability to accumulate and assimilate
a large quantity of complexity at a single, perhaps low level.
– See also in this order: Content(e5-1), Context(e5-2),
Conditions(e5-3), Code(e5-4), and Culture(e5-5).
epigenetics: primary and secondary epigenetic
schemas
– epigenesis refers to the interaction between genes and the
internal and external cues that change the patterns of gene expression
and thus heritably modify an organism. Such interactions are what we
might call in the title of Matt Ridley’s book, Nature via Nurture, or in
Edward O. Wilson’s phrase, “the co-evolution of nature and culture. For
the purposes of FL epigenesis is differentiated into two schemas called
the Primary and Secondary Epigenetic Schemas.
– the Primary Epigenetic Schema embraces the genetic processes of
organisms. It functions automatically and unconsciously.
– the Secondary Epigenetic Schema embraces the cultural processes of
memes, conceived as units of culture generally parallel in structure and
action to genes. The action of memes is not altogether independent of
the action of genes. Genes create predispositions to think, feel, be
motivated by, and behave in certain ways that lead to accepting, using,
and transmitting certain memes available in the culture over others.
Thus the meme schema is rightly called secondary. Often what the genes
determine in such cases is the freedom to choose within a large and
variable predisposed range.
– See also: Epigenetic5 (e5) and references there.
epistemology
– the philosophical study of theories of knowledge.
EQ
– these initials stand for Emotional Intelligence Quotient, understood
as analogous to IQ. See also: EQ, Relationship Management
Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Social Awareness, Social Intelligence,
SQ. Also: Mechanistic Cognition, Mentalistic Cognition
equilibration
– the balancing by managers of the standards being used by their
immediate subordinate managers in appraising and directing their own
immediate subordinates.
equitable pay differentials
– differences in payment between work at different levels that are
experienced by the incumbents as fair and just.
espoused theory
– one of two correlated terms developed by Chris Argyris and Donald
Schon, to distinguish two “theories of action.” Espoused theory is what
we say and believe or want others to believe when we report what we do.
It is usually inaccurate because of elements of self-deception or
deception of others. See Espoused Theory.
explanatory style
– how we explain the nature of past events. People with an optimistic
explanatory style interpret adversity as being local and temporary while
those with a pessimistic explanatory style see those events as more
global and permanent.
external validity
– a form of concurrent validity, in which a particular set of test
scores is correlated with scores from
another instrument which is supposed to measure the same construct.
extraversion
– the inclination to be involved with social and practical realities
rather than with thoughts and feelings
extrinsic motivation
– the desire to do something in order to obtain an external reward
[ F ]
face validity
– support for an assessment tool based on common-sense judgement that
the test items appear
to measure what they are claimed to measure
factor
– an underlying dimension or influence
factor analysis
– a statistical technique which identifies underlying dimensions in a
set of measures by finding groups of items which vary between
individuals in similar ways
factorial validity
– a form of construct validity in which the proposed constructs emerge
as recognisable factors when
datasets of item responses are factor analysed
feeling
– refers to the subjective experience of emotions; feeling can be
complex experiences, involve several different emotions at once.
field dependence
– responding to structures in a holistic fashion
field independence
– being able to see parts of a structure distinctly and objectively
formative assessment
– evaluation carried out in the course of an activity in such a way that
the information obtained is used to improve learning and/or instruction.
free energy
– is energy available as a reserve potential to be activated in
conditions of uncertainty, unanticipated difficulty, or other stressors.
It is analogous to the free cash flow kept in reserve by a business for
conditions of emergent need. As a precondition and result of following a
resilient path, we design our lives to rely on our strengths and
preferred motivations and innate personality dispositions, which demand
from us less energy for greater productiveness, and assign or hire
others to carry out activities in our areas of limitation, which require
greater expenditures of energy for less productiveness. Sustaining
continued free energy is a key to resilience.
freudian-bernaisian model
– In the early 1900s, particularly following the First World War,
Sigmund Freud’s American nephew, Edward Bernays, invented a new
profession he named “public relations.” Its purpose was to adapt his
uncle’s discoveries about unconscious motivations into potent methods of
manipulation of conscious and unconscious desires and fears for
commercial, social, and political ends. Bernays was a key figure in the
deliberate transformation of American and European-centered cultures
into consumer cultures above all else.
future potential capability ( FPC )
– the maximum level at which a person will be capable of working at some
time in the future, say at 5, 10, or 14 years from now.
[ G ]
g ( general intelligence )
– an general cognitive ability factor which, in addition to specific
abilities and skills, contributes to performance on a wide range of
tasks.
gearing ( for talent pool )
– the process whereby the MoR and immediate subordinate managers check
their judgments with each other regarding the levels if current
potential capability of individuals in the next two layers down.
generati
– A word coined by Mike Jay in the late 1990s. It is a play on two
already existing words, literati, the literary intelligentsia, and
digerati, the cyber elite. Generati are not concerned with a restricted
domain of practice, but with a quality that may pervade the lives of all
of us in our dealings with every domain. Generati are those who
intentionally design their activity to foster the most generative
results collectively for themselves, their work, and their
social-political and natural surround.
global
– not interested in detail: holistic
[ H ]
happiness = eudaimonia
– Living well, psychological well being
– Greek for ”human flourishing.”
– doing well and living well (Aristotle)
– reflective psychological well-being characterized by virtue and
reason.
– the joy we feel striving after our potential (Achor)
– a deep sense of flourishing that arises from an exceptionally healthy
mind…not a mere pleasurable feeling, a fleeting emotion, or a mood, but
an optimal state of being (Matthieu)
happiness = hedonic
– pleasure (Seligman)
– pleasure (fleeting) and passion (flow) (Hseih)
– having frequent positive feelings as well as having infrequent and
less intense negative feelings (Gaffney)
haptic
– perceiving through physical contact
hedonic adaptation
– Habituation. After a while, anything seems ordinary. Also known
as the Hedonic treadmill.
heritability
– the degree to which something is inherited, expressed as a percentage
heuristic
– rule-of-thumb strategy intended to increase the chances of solving a
problem
holistic
– perceiving a whole object or focusing on the organic nature of a
system
homeostatically
– so as to maintain a state of equilibrium
[ I ]
inductive
– reasoning from particular facts to a general conclusion
internal consistency ( reliability )
– the degree to which the items in a test measure the same thing,
measured by the average correlation between each item and the other
items
intrinsic motivation
– the desire to do something for the sake of the experience alone
introversion
– the inclination to shrink from social contact and to be preoccupied
with internal thoughts and feelings
inventory
– detailed checklist
ipsative scoring
– scoring an instrument with forced-choice items, resulting in scores
which are not comparable across individuals, artificially created
negative correlations and the invalidation of factor analysis
item analysis
– a process for identifying good items in a scale, usually those which
have at least a moderate positive correlation with the scale as a whole
[ K ]
kinaesthetic
– perceiving through an awareness of body movements.
knowledge
– consists of facts, including procedures, that have been articulated
and can be reproduced.
– is anything you know. It does not exist in us innately, although we
may have a natural propensity for acquiring certain kinds of knowledge
over others. Knowledge must be acquired through the appropriate kind of
formal or informal education. (adapted from the Gallup Organization.)
See : Skill, Strength, Talent.
[ L ]
level of work ( low ) in role
– the weight of responsibility felt in roles as a result of the
complexity of the work in the role. The level of work in any role can be
measured by the time-span of discretion of the tasks in that role.
levelling
– tending to rapidly assimilate and oversimplify one’s perceptions (in
Holzman and Klein’s theory)
Likert scale
– a scale in which the user can express a degree of agreement and/or
disagreement
limbic system
– a group of interconnected mid-brain structures found in all mammals
loading
– in factor analysis, a correlation coefficient between item and a
factor
losada line 2.9013
– the ratio of positive to negative interactions necessary to make
a corporate team successful. This means it takes about three positive
comments to find off one negative one.
[ M ]
manager
– a person in a role which carries managerial accountability
and authority.
managerial accountability
– the accountability managers have for their own effectiveness; the
output of their subordinates; exercising effective managerial leadership
of their subordinates; building and sustaining an effective team of
subordinates.
managerial authority
– the power vested in a person by virtue of role to expend resources:
financial, material, technical and human.
managerial hierarchies
– organizations used for employing people to get work done. They are
employment systems organized into accountability hierarchies of manager
and subordinate roles.
manager once removed ( mor )
– the manager of a subordinate’s immediate manager is that subordinate’s
manager-once-removed.
maturation
– a process in which a given aspect of a person is biologically innate
and grows in a regular way to a predictable end state, so long as the
individual does not encounter any severely limiting environmental
conditions, especially in infancy.
measurement
– the quantification of a property of an entity by means of an objective
measuring instrument.
mechanistic cognition
– one of two types of human cognition described by Christopher Badcock.
It focuses on science, technology, and engineering; on objects rather
than subjective experiences; on skills of mathematical reasoning, logic
and spatial awareness; and is more commonly highly developed in men. It
can be present in an individual in a range of degrees and in company
with or exclusive of the complementary qualities of mentalistic
cognition. In its extreme and exclusive forms it appears as autism. See:
Mentalistic Cognition.
memes
– “Cultural evolution, including the evolution of knowledge, can be
modeled through the same basic principles of variation and selection
that underlie biological evolution (Boyd & Richerson, 1985;
Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman, 1981). This implies a shift from genes as
(replicating) units of biological information to a new type of
(replicating) units of cultural information: memes (Dawkins, 1976). A
meme can be defined as an information pattern, held in an individual’s
memory, which is capable of being copied to another individual’s memory.
This includes anything that can be learned or remembered: ideas,
knowledge, habits, beliefs, skills, images, etc. Memetics can then be
defined as the theoretical and empirical science that studies the
replication, spread and evolution of memes (Moritz, 1990). – Francis
Heylighen:
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Papers/MemeticsNamur.html”
mentalistic cognition
– one of two types of human cognition described by Christopher Badcock.
It focuses on moral, spiritual, aesthetic, and psychological matters; on
subjective experience rather than objects; on skills of social judgment,
empathy, and cooperation; and is more commonly highly developed in
women. It can be present in an individual in a range of degrees and in
company with or exclusive of the complementary qualities of mechanistic
cognition. In its extreme and exclusive forms, a particular subjectivity
correlative to the subject’s may be projected onto another, as malicious
intent is projected in paranoia or sexual intent is projected in
erotomania. See: Mechanistic Cognition.
mental mode
– the highest level of mental processing to which an individual will
finally mature.
mental processing
– the use of particular mental process for handling information in order
to do work. The four methods of processing information are: Declarative;
Cumulative; Serial; Parallel.
mentoring
– a periodic discussion by a manager-once-removed (MoR) to help a
subordinate-once-removed (SoR) to understand his/her potential and how
that potential might be developed to achieved as full a career growth in
the organization as possible.
meta-analysis
– the process of synthesising a range of experimental results into a
single estimate of effect size
metacognition
– awareness and conscious use of the psychological processes involved in
perception, memory, thinking and learning
metaphysical
– dealing with highly abstract ideas about being and knowing which are
not derived from the material world.
Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI )
– this psychological type assessment was developed by Katharine Briggs
and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Meyer from an analysis of personality
types by the psychologist, Carl Jung. The MBTI measures a person’s
preferences in four dimensions of personality. This results in a four
letter type designation, for example: INFJ. Position 1 records the
preferred source of personal energy of the person assessed. This
determines what is named one’s inner attitude: whether one is an
Extravert, who renews energy in being outgoing with a lot of active
stimulation, or an Introvert, who renews energy by turning within and
being quiet. Positions 2 & 3 are bracketed together because both
designate cognitive functions of the personality: Position 2 designates
the preferred mode of perception for the person assessed and Position 3
the preferred mode of reaching a judgment about what has been perceived.
The two perceiving functions from which a choice is made in Position 2
are iNtuition, which spontaneously perceives patterns of meaning
implicit in what is experienced, or Sensing, which spontaneously
perceives sensory objects and details in themselves. The two judging
functions from which a choice is made in Position 3 are Thinking, which
utilizes objective criteria and rational methods, or Feeling, which uses
emotional intelligence and an appeal to values. Position 4 makes what we
may call a meta-distinction, for it designates a preference not within a
Position but between the two Positions 2 and 3, designating whether we
spontaneously prefer the activities of Position 2, Perceiving our
experience, or of position 3, making Judgments based on our experience.
This is called a person’s outer attitude: it tells whether the
Perceiving function of Position 2 or the Judging function of Position 3
is extraverted or used in dealing with the outer world. Thus the example
of a type formula given above, INFJ, designates a person who prefers to
turn within and be quiet to restore energy (I), spontaneously sees
patterns of meaning implicit in what is perceived (N), relies on
emotional intelligence and an appeal to value standards in arriving at
judgments F), and prefers to reach judgments about experience rather
than to rest in perception (J). Does this mean that someone with the
type designation ESTP and the one designated INFJ have no qualities in
common? The answer is that all people have all the dimensions of
personality in common. For someone whose type is ESTP the personality
dimensions designated by INFJ are present but not preferred, so they are
less used and therefore take more attention and energy to use. The same
is true in reverse.
See: Type Dynamics (MBTI).
mindfulness
– opposite of middlessness
– result of meditation
– paying attentional in a particular way: on purpose, in the present
moment, and non-judgmentally (Kabat-Zinn)
– keeping one’s consciousness alive to the present reality” (Thich Nhat
Hanh)
mood
– refers to a relatively long-lasting state of feeling. A mood sets the
emotional backdrop for one’s experience of the world.
motivational density
– .this metaphor refers to the degree to which a particular motivation
is present in an individual. Individuals differ in the density of
particular motivations in them, giving each person a characteristic
motivational profile. See: Motivational Sensitivity, Reiss Profile,
Values and Motives., Value-Based Happiness.
motivational sensitivity
– this expression refers to the degree to which individuals are
responsive to particular motivating values. Someone who is sensitive to
the value of competition may be intensely motivated to enter a fight at
what appears to a person indifferent to competition the slightest cue. A
high motivational density generates a high motivational sensitivity.
See: Motivational Density, Reiss Profile, Values and Motives,
Value-Based Happiness.
motives
– See: Motivational Density, Motivational Sensitivity, Reiss Profile,
Values and Motives, Value-Based Happiness.
[ N ]
need
–needs are unconscious strivings wired into us by heredity,
wants develop as a service to those needs…
-needs can be coopted through means/memes/wants and be obscured
by the need of the need
negative capability
– Robert Chia, an international expert on entrepreneurial
thinking, writes about “negative capability,” a phrase coined by 19th
century poet, John Keats, “Negative capability describes the capacity to
be at ease with an inherently vague, unformed, ambiguous and changing
world (Chia, 28).” This describes the accelerating, many-layered,
shifting complexity of every aspect of the world today. Negative
capability instills “a cultivated resistance to [premature] conceptual
closure (Chia, 27).” As Jay writes about this space of “contemplation,
rather than problem solving:” “We learn to be with our problems, to
allow our non-conscious processes to work with our inquiry about
self-knowledge…, so that the actions we do take are in concert with
capability, our understanding of requirements, and our design needs.”
neuroticism
– state of, or tendency towards, nervous disorder
[ O ]
orthogonal
– at right angles; meaning, in factor analysis, independent or
uncorrelated
[ P ]
parameter
– a factor that defines a system and determines (or limits) its
performance
paratelic
– activity-oriented and intrinsically motivated (in Apter’s reversal
theory)
pearson r
– a measure of correlation, indicating the extent to which two measures
co-vary (with 1.00 indicating
a perfect correlation)
pedagogy
– theoretical and procedural knowledge about teaching
percentile
– a point on a scale below which a given percentage of a population will
score
perception
– interpreting and understanding information received through the senses
phenomenology
– the study of human experience, based on the assumption that there is
no reality other
than human consciousness
positive emotions
– joy, gratitude, serenity, interest, hope, pride, amusement,
inspiration, awe, and love. They reinforce one another. More is better.
potential
– the amount of capacity for some ability not yet actualized as
capability. See: Capacity, Capability.
Postmodernism
–A
general and wide-ranging term which is applied to literature,
art, philosophy, architecture, fiction, and cultural and
literary criticism, among
http://www.pbs.org
power
–
one of four motive systems discussed by David McClelland in
Human Motivation (1988). It
motivates us to impact and influence others and may be personal or
social. In
FL power is correlated with
movement against. See:
Achievement, Affiliation, Avoidance.
predictive validity
– the extent to which a set of scores predicts an expected outcome or
criterion
prosocial
– acting in support of others or to meet their expectations of good
behaviour
psychometric
– concerned with psychological measurement
psychoticism
– a tendency towards a state of mind in which contact with
reality is lost or is highly distorted
pygmalion effect
– when our belief in another person’s potential brings that
potential to life.
[ Q ]
quadrature
– construction of a square with the same area as that of
another figure
[ R ]
Reiss Profile
– This assessment creates an individual profile of high and low
motivators among 16 basic desires. The list of 16 desires was developed
from analysis of 10, 000 interviews which Steven Reiss and his
colleagues conducted across several cultures. The Profile is used in a
broad range of areas, including human resources management, sales,
coaching, therapy, and professional sports to improve fit and
performance by aligning an individual’s life and work choices with his
or her intrinsic high motivations. See also Motivational Density,
Motivational Sensitivity, Values and Motives, Value-Based Happiness.
relationship management
– In Emotional Intelligence theory, an ability to influence others,
handle conflict, develop, lead and work with others. See:
Self-Awareness, Self-Management. See: Emotional Intelligence, EQ,
Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Social Awareness, Social Intelligence,
SQ. Also: Mechanistic Cognition, Mentalistic Cognition.
reliability
– the coherence (internal consistency) of a set of test items, or the
stability (test–retest) of a set of test scores over time.
requisite organization
– is comprehensive system of organizational structure and
managerial leadership. It was designed by Elliott Jaques. It shares with
FL a concern for careful definition of the requirements of structure and
performance in different contexts and the specification of the
capability needed for optimal performance in each defined role. Here are
three RO concepts that suggest the similarity of concern. Complexity of
Information Processing (CIP) refers to the level of complexity of an
issue one is capable of exercising judgment about. CIP is embodied in
the way one organizes, groups, and extrapolates information in order to
solve problems. The level of complexity defines an organizational
stratum. A role in a given stratum can be measured by the time span it
takes in view. There are eight stratums. Here are four examples of
correlated stratums, roles, and time spans taken in view: Str. I Bank
Teller up to three months; Str. IV Area General Manager 2 years-5 years;
Str. VII CEO 20 years – 50 years; Str. VIII CEO (only in the largest
corporations) 50 years – 100 years. Definitions are adapted from:
www.peoplefit.com/LearningLibrary/Requisite-Organization-Glossary-of-Terms.html
resilience
– Mike Jay introduced the following definition of resilience in CPR for
the Soul: Creating Personal Resilience by Design (2006): “Resilience is
the differentiated power to persist when things do not work out at
first, the capability to navigate ambiguity and uncertainty, the
motivation to transcend common problems and barriers and to
collaboratively anticipate the future in sustainable ways.”
[ S ]
scaffolding
– the word names a way of distributing work in a project we
undertake. Once we know the “programming language” of our core
predispositions and the requirements of a goal-state we are attempting
to achieve, we can assign to ourselves the project tasks aligned with
our intrinsic motivation and capability and provide a supportive
scaffolding for our efforts by delegating, trading off, or paying others
whose intrinsic motivation and capability are aligned with the
requirements of the goal-state in a way that complements ours. This
process of reaching out for various forms of scaffolding is a key to
sustaining resilience.
self-awareness
– In Emotional Intelligence theory, self-awareness is defined as knowing
your emotions and their effects. Self-awareness capability depends in
part on genetic predispositions which may not be present in those who
share the deficits of the “mechanistic cognition” characteristic of the
Asperger’s-autism spectrum. FL therefore depends on self-knowledge
derived from an array of assessment instruments and coaching
conversations, opening to ways in which the deficits of self-awareness
can be overcome by forms of support scaffolding. Emotional Intelligence,
EQ, Relationship Management, Self-Management, Social Intelligence, SQ.
Also: Mechanistic Cognition, Mentalistic Cognition.
self-management
– In Emotional Intelligence theory, self-management includes knowing how
to manage tour emotions, keep disruptive impulses in check, being
flexible and comfortable with new ideas. Emotional Intelligence, EQ,
Relationship Management Self-Awareness, Social Awareness, Social
Intelligence, SQ. Also: Mechanistic Cognition, Mentalistic Cognition.
self-regulation
– the process of setting goals for oneself and then monitoring and
evaluating progress
serialist
– step-by-step: sequential (in Pask’s theory)
sharpening
– tending to separate new perceptions and respond accurately to
complexity (in Holzman and Klein’s theory)
signal and noise
– In engineering the signal-to-noise ratio is the ratio of a signal to
the noise interfering with the signal. It is often used as a metaphor
for the ratio of true or useful information in a message to the
interfering false or irrelevant data that makes the intended “signal”
hard to discern.
skill
– are basic abilities to perform the fundamental steps of a task. Skills
do not exist in us innately, though we may have a natural propensity for
certain skills over others. They must be developed through formal or
informal training and practice. (adapted from the Gallup Organization.)
See: Knowledge, Strength, Talent.
social awareness
– In Emotional Intelligence theory, Social Awareness embraces an ability
to listen, to be persuasive, to collaborate, and to nurture
relationships. Emotional Intelligence, EQ, Relationship Management,
Self-Awareness, Self-Management, SQ. Also: Mechanistic Cognition,
Mentalistic Cognition.
social intelligence
– the intelligence that lies behind group interactions and behaviors as
described by a range of researchers. Emotional Intelligence, EQ,
Relationship Management Self-Awareness, Self-Management, Social
Awareness, SQ. Also: Mechanistic Cognition, Mentalistic Cognition.
spiral dynamics
– is an analysis of individual and social development based on the
work of psychologist, Dr. Clare W. Graves, who gave his theory the name,
the “Emergent Cyclic Double-Helix Model of Adult Biopsychosocial Systems
Development.” After Graves’ death, Don Beck and Chris Cowan elaborated
Graves’ theory in their book, Spiral Dynamics (1996), combining Graves’
value systems with the emerging theory of memetics to form “value memes”
or “vMemes.” These value systems were differentiated and ranked by
ascending order of complexity correlated with increasing complexity of
life conditions. Most people are motivated by a mixture of several vMeme
codes of varying intensity. As Beck later wrote, “The model describes
and makes sense of the enormous complexity of human existence, and then
shows how to craft elegant, systemic problem-solutions that meet people
and address situations where they are…” Later, Beck and Cowan separated,
due to differences over the further development of Spiral Dynamics. Beck
went on to create Spiral Dynamics Integral in conversation with integral
theorist, Ken Wilber, which resulted in a degree of mutual influence.
split brain research
– studies of psychological function in patients who have had the largest
bundle of fibres linking the two halves of the brain severed, in order
to control or limit the effects of epileptic seizures
SQ
– these initials stand for Social Intelligence Quotient, understood as
analogous to IQ. See: Emotional Intelligence, EQ, Relationship
Management, Self-awareness, Self-Management, Social Awareness. Also:
Mechanistic Cognition, Mentalistic Cognition.
strength
– is the ability to produce consistently a positive outcome through near
perfect performance in a specific task. The components of strengths are
skills, knowledge, and talents. (adapted from the Gallup Organization)
See: Knowledge, Skill, Talent.
subjective well being
– Ed Diener’s term for judging life positively and feeling good. A
person has high SWB if she or he experiences life satisfaction and
frequent joy. Diener chose it because studying happiness sounded
frivolous.
successful failure
– When resilience is understood as emergent from a path rather than as
defined by single events, each failure becomes an experimental result
which informs one how to be more successful next time. The individual
episode of failure becomes not an end of something but a valuable
instrument of ongoing success.
summative assessment
– evaluation of performance carried out at the end of a piece of work
[ T ]
tactile
– perceiving through the sense of touch.
talent
– are innate capabilities. Employing your most highly marked
talents is the most efficient, effective, and sustainable way to perform
at levels of excellence through strengths. Some signs of your highest
talents are innate inclination, rapid learning, satisfaction and the
experience of flow in using them, and recognition of outstanding levels
of performance. (adapted from the Gallup Organization.) See: Knowledge,
Strength, Skill.
taxonomy
– a principled classification of the elements of a domain
telic
– goal-oriented and externally motivated (in Apter’s reversal theory)
test-retest reliability
– the stability of test scores as indicated by retesting the same group
and calculating a correlation coefficient using the two sets of scores.
theory in use
– one of two correlated terms developed by Chris Argyris and Donald
Schon, to distinguish two “theories of action.” Theory in Use is the
theory of action implicit in what we actually do. See Espoused Theory.
thriving
– our term for flourishing at work.
trait
– a stable personal quality, inherited or acquired.
traits and types
– these are two different ways of understanding personal characteristics
in personality psychology. Traits share with types these three
characteristics: (1) both are largely stable over time and in different
contexts, (2) both differ from person to person; and (3) both influence
a person’s perception, thinking, and ways of relating to oneself and
one’s environment. Traits differ from types in this characteristic: they
are measured by degrees along a continuous scale between opposite
qualities. An example will show you the difference between understanding
introversion and extraversion as traits or as types. According to trait
theory, degrees of introversion and extraversion exist as a continuous
range between opposite poles. This allows me to express that each of us
has some degree of introversion and some degree of extraversion mixed,
person A with more introversion and less extraversion, person B with
more extraversion and less introversion, and person C, perhaps, in the
middle with an equal degree of both. Type theories express that each of
us is either an introvert or an extravert. See: Meyers-Briggs Type
Inventory and Type Dynamics (MBTI).
type dynamics
– refers to the degrees of influence within a person of each of the four
functions or cognitive processes in Jung’s theory of personality. Jung’s
initial distinction in classifying cognitive processes is between
Perception, or simple awareness, and Judgment, the ways we evaluate and
come to conclusions about what we perceive. He then distinguishes
Perception into iNtuition, which perceives what is implicitly and
potentially present, and Sensing, which perceives sense objects and
details, and distinguishes Judging into Thinking, which uses objective
criteria and rational methods, and Feeling, which is person-oriented. In
each of us the cognitive functions fall into a sequence from the most to
the least used: from Dominant (most used) through Auxiliary (2nd most
used) and Tertiary (3rd most used) to Inferior (4th and least used). A
simple set of rules allows a person to deduce from his or her type
formula this sequence in his or her own case. For example, the sequence
of cognitive functions in someone whose type formula is INFJ runs from
most to least used: iNtuition (in this case introverted), Feeling
(extraverted), Thinking (introverted) and Sensing (extraverted). This
information has value for understanding and making decisions about one’s
life and work. For example, since it takes the least energy to use one’s
highest function and the most to use one’s lowest function, a person
whose type is INFJ would find it easier to perform activities that
require iNtuition than those that require Sensing. Yet because iNtuition
in this case is introverted, the degree of its presence and power in a
person might not be identified by an onlooker and therefore not be asked
for in a professional situation. See: Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator.
[ V ]
validity
– the quality of being well grounded in reality
values and motives
– motives and values always come tied together. What we value
as good we are moved to want and what we value as bad we are moved to
avoid. And the reverse is equally true: What we are moved to want we
value as good, what we are moved to avoid we value as bad. (B.) Values
can be ends-values or means-values. Our ends we value for their own
sake, not for anything else that may flow from them. We value the means
we use because they help us achieve our ends. Sometimes the same thing
can be seen at one time as an ends-value and at other times as a
means-value. (C.) Our motivating values contribute to the forming of our
personalities in at least three dimensions: Attention: We naturally turn
our attention to the things we value. Cognition: We interpret the world
we experience in terms of our values. Behavior: We behave in ways that
accord with or bring us what we value. See: Motivational Density,
Motivational Sensitivity, Reiss Profile, Value-Based Happiness.
value-based happiness
– this is a term developed by psychologist, Steven Reiss, to describe
the most sustainable form of happiness. Value-based happiness and the
pleasure that attends it is an indirect consequence of the satisfaction
of an individual’s particular profile of primary motivating values.
Reiss contrasts it with the less comprehensive and stable happiness
arising from pleasure alone, a feel-good happiness. See: Motivational
Density, Motivational Sensitivity, Reiss Profile, Values and Motives
variance
– variability of scores in relation to their average (mean) value in
relation
VIA signature strengths=character strengths
– talents you enjoy using, things you’re good and feel good using.
Generally, the skills you’re using when you enter Flow. Find them and
assess yours at Authentic Happiness.
|
